Native American Tradition And Religion Essay -- essays research papers

Due to the wide range of habitats in North America, different native religions evolved to match the needs and lifestyles of the individual tribe. Religious traditions of aboriginal peoples around the world tend to be heavily influenced by their methods of acquiring food, whether by hunting wild animals or by agriculture. Native American spirituality is no exception. Traditional Lakota spirituality is a form of religious belief that each thing, plant and animal has a spirit. The Native American spirituality has an inseparable connection between the spirituality and the culture. One cannot exist without the other. The arrival of Europeans marked a major change on Native society and it’s spirituality. Native Americans have been fighting to keep their spiritual practices alive. Right from the beginning, Native American religious practices were misunderstood and forbidden. The United States government tried to force Christianity upon the Indians in a desperate attempt to destroy their traditions and to assimilate them into white Christian society. Many of the Native Americans were forcibly converted to Christianity. Some would agree that freedom of religion is one of America's most important laws. When it comes to Native Americans, however, freedom of religion was almost non-existent. Native Americans have had to struggle to survive in a country that has discriminated against them and persecuted them for hundreds of years. The tribes in North America just want one thing from the United States government and that is respect: of sacred sites, the sacramental use of peyote, and the use of eagle feathers and plants for cultural practices. The United States stole from the Indians in the past and has never kept promises they made to the Native Americans. The one aspect of the Indian’s lives that has kept them going has been their religion. The Native Americans will have to endlessly fight for complete freedom of religion and for respect. Many Native families today have been devoted Christians for generations. Others, particularly in the Southwest have retained their aboriginal traditions more or less intact. The Native American Church is a continuation of the ancient Peyote Religion combined with some teachings of traditional Christianity. Native American Church practices centre around the religious use of peyote, a small cactus which when eaten gives people a fee... ...ssion. It is often richly decorated. The bowl and stem are always stored separately with the stem facing east when not in use. At the end of the 19th century the Lakota people were fighting to maintain control of their way of life and their homelands. In the 20th century the Lakota were granted by the American Indian Religion Freedom Act of 1978 the right to preserve and protect their Lakota religious freedom. Prior to this the Lakota were forbidden to practice their spiritual beliefs. But even today we can see racism against Native American. But it is a topic that does not make the nightly news on regular bases and is of little concern to most. This attitude amazes me. How can we overlook a race that has been on this continent far longer than anyone else. Native Americans are the part of our history and culture. Reference: http://home.istar.ca/~whatsup/sundance.htm http://www.digiserve.com/gaia/articles/saced_pipe.html http://tradecorridor.com/rosebud/spirit.htm http://www.religioustolerance.org/nataspir.htm http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/browse-mixed?id=SchSiou&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/lv1/Archive/eng-parsed http://www.csp.org/nicholas/A57.html

Evaluating a Company’s Budget Procedures Essay

Springfield Corporation operates on a calendar-year basis. It begins the annual budgeting process in late August, when the president establishes targets for the total dollar sales and the net income before taxes for the next year. The sales target is given to the Marketing Department, where the marketing manager formulates a sales budget by product line in both units and dollars. From this budget, sales quotas by product line in units and dollars are established for each of the corporation’s sales districts. The marketing manager also estimates the cost of the marketing activities required to support the target sales volume and prepares a tentative marketing expense budget. The executive vice president uses the sales and profit targets, the sales budget by product line, and the tentative marketing expense budget to determine the dollar amount that can be devoted to manufacturing and corporate expenses, and then forwards to the Production Department the product-line sales budget in units and the total dollar amount that can be devoted to manufacturing. The production manager meets with the factory managers to develop a manufacturing plan that will produce the required units when needed within the cost constraints set by the executive vice president. The budgeting process usually comes to a halt at this point because the Production Department does not consider the financial resources allocated to be adequate. When this standstill occurs, the vice president of finance, the executive vice president, the marketing manager, and the production manager meet to determine the final budgets for each of the areas. This normally results in a modest increase in the total amount available for manufacturing costs, while the marketing expense and corporate office expense budgets are cut. The total sales and net income figures proposed by the president are seldom changed. Although the participants are seldom pleased with the compromise, these budgets are final. Each executive then develops a new detailed budget for the operations in his or her area. None of the areas has achieved its budget in recent years. Sales often run below the target. When budgeted sales are not achieved, each area is expected to cut costs so that the president’s profit target can still be met. However, the profit target is seldom met because costs are not cut enough. In fact, costs often run above the original budget in all functional areas. The president is disturbed that Springfield has not been able to meet the sales and profit targets. He hired a consultant with considerable experience with companies in Springfield’s industry. The consultant reviewed the budgets for the past four years. He concluded that the product-line sales budgets were reasonable and that the cost and expense budgets were adequate for the budgeted sales and production levels.

The Earth s Major Water Source - 1295 Words

just how orange it is! But hey, this comes from the same species that calls people with what looks to be orange hair â€Å"red heads†. It also has some similarities to Earth, if our planet’s major water source was in the frozen polar caps and the rest of the planet looked like an orange and rockier Sahara Desert. This is probably on account to Mars’s magnetosphere. Or should I say lack of one (SOMETHING). On Earth, the magnetosphere is responsible for blocking most of the energetic radiation from hitting the surface (SOMETHING). It has been suggested that 4.5 billion years ago, Mars did too have a magnetosphere due to it having a molten core but it has since dissipated as the core cooled (SOMETHING). While there is no global magnetosphere, data†¦show more content†¦Guzmà ¡n is particularly distraught by this as his is was looking forward to sharing all his experiences with his hometown. The Global Rally has instructed us to continue with the mission jus t as before but now we are to pilot the Martian colonies future habitat for ourselves. In addition, we are supposed to send back all the data that was collected while on-route to Mars. I do not particularly care for being a human guinea pig, when life gives you lemons I guess. At least we can still communicate with our families from here, though it just is not the same†¦ I’m being told we need to get started checking on the robots, so I’ll leave it here. Azura out. Azura Mission Log: Entry 9 The robotic excavation seems to be working as they are supposed to as all the robots have gone into hibernation. It’s funny though, there are less habitats than I was expecting for 50,000 people. With the amount of space that has been excavated, you could fit maybe 1,000 people comfortably but after than it would get much too cramped. They must be planning to make more habitats while people are on-route. 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